經(jīng)過三十多年的改革開放，國際貿(mào)易在我國經(jīng)濟中的占比呈逐年上升趨勢。新冠肺炎疫情爆發(fā)期間，我國出口商也沒有停下出口貿(mào)易的步伐，與疫情戰(zhàn)斗的同時積極向各國提供防疫物資。大量的出口貿(mào)易活動暗藏合同履行的問題。近期，浙江智仁律師事務所涉外律師團隊就成功處理多起買賣防疫物資導致的國際貨物買賣合同糾紛。本文所述的是一起民用一次性口罩因沒有有效CE認證導致德國公司維權(quán)的問題。

After more than 30 years of reform and opening-up, the proportion of international trade in our country's economy has been increasing year by year. During the outbreak of COVID-19, Chinese exporters have not stopped their export trade, and actively provide prevention materials to other countries while fighting the epidemic.

一、案情簡介

 1. Brief Introduction of the case

2020年4月初，德國T公司為了抗擊疫情，委托中國F公司向中國的S公司多次以預付全款的方式采購具有CE認證的民用一次性口罩。貨物到達德國后，在銷售過程中，德國T公司發(fā)現(xiàn)中國S公司提供的口罩CE認證是由不具備出具CE證書的機構(gòu)所簽發(fā)，該CE認證在德國系無效證書。口罩沒有有效的CE認證在德國無法銷售，故德國T公司要求中國S公司退款，糾紛遂成。

In early April 2020, in order to fight the epidemic, German company T commissioned Chinese company F to purchase CE-certified civilian disposable masks from Chinese company S several times with full prepayment. After the goods arrive in Germany, during the sales process, German company T found that the CE certification provided by Chinese company S was issued by an organization without qualification. The CE certification is invalid in Germany. Masks cannot be sold in Germany without a valid CE certification. So German company T requires Chinese S company to refund.

二、案件分析

2. Analysis of the case

1.本案包括委托代理法律關(guān)系和國際貨物買賣法律關(guān)系兩種法律關(guān)系，德國T公司是有權(quán)主體。

(1)This case includes two legal relationships: effective agency legal relationship and international sales of goods legal relationship, German company T is the subject of the authority.

浙江智仁律師事務所涉外律師團隊承接此案后，經(jīng)過與德國T公司以及T公司在中國的代理商F公司充分溝通，仔細研究分析了現(xiàn)存的電子、書面等證據(jù)，認為本案存在兩種法律關(guān)系——委托代理法律關(guān)系和國際貨物買賣法律關(guān)系。德國T公司與中國供貨商S公司之間關(guān)于口罩買賣合同的交流聯(lián)絡，除了貨款支付外，都是通過中國F公司進行的。在采購口罩之初，中國F公司也明確向中國供貨商S公司表示是代表德國T公司采購，有委托協(xié)議和授權(quán)書為證。在貨物發(fā)生無效CE認證事件后，中國F公司也多次代表德國T公司向中國供貨商S公司表明退款的要求。故德國T公司與中國F公司之間成立有效的委托代理合同關(guān)系。中國F公司代理德國T公司與中國供應商S公司訂立國際貨物買賣合同的權(quán)利義務應由德國T公司承受，德國T公司是本案糾紛的有權(quán)主體。

After the foreign business lawyer department of Zhejiang Zhiren Law Firm undertook the case, they fully communicated with German company T and T company's agent F in China, carefully studied and analyzed the existing electronic and written evidences. They believe that there are two legal relationships in this case----effective agency legal relationship and international sales of goods legal relationship. The contact between German company T and Chinese supplier S company on the purchase and sale contract of masks, except for the payment for the goods, was carried out through the Chinese company F. At the beginning of the purchase of masks, Chinese company F also clearly stated to Chinese supplier S company that it was purchasing on behalf of German company T, as evidenced by the entrustment agreement and authorization letter. After discovering that the CE certification was invalid, the Chinese company F also indicated to the Chinese supplier S company the refund request on behalf of the German company T. Therefore, an effective agency legal relationship was established between German company T and Chinese F company. The rights and obligations of the Chinese company F on behalf of the German company T to enter into an international goods sales contract with the Chinese supplier S company shall be taken by the German company T, German company T is the subject of the authority in this case.

2.訴訟國選擇

(2) The choice of litigation country

德國T公司希望案件能夠在德國本土起訴。因我國與德國沒有簽訂民商事司法協(xié)助協(xié)定，兩國沒有關(guān)于承認與執(zhí)行法院民商事裁決的協(xié)定或條約，目前，在德國的生效判決無法在中國大陸得到申請承認與執(zhí)行。本案中，如果在德國起訴，即便勝訴，假使中國S公司不主動履行裁判書確定的責任，德國T公司也無法通過申請我國法院對德國裁決書的承認與執(zhí)行維護其合法權(quán)益。故我們建議在中國提起訴訟，以最終實現(xiàn)貨款返還的目的。

German company T hopes that the case can be prosecuted in Germany. Because China and Germany have not signed a civil and commercial judicial assistance agreement, the two countries have no agreement on the recognition and enforcement of civil and commercial rulings. Currently, effective judgments in Germany cannot be applied for recognition or enforcement in China (A list of countries that have signed civil and commercial judicial assistance agreements or treaties with China is attached to the end of the article). In this case, if the lawsuit is filed in Germany, even if the case is won,  when the Chinese company S cannot actively perform the responsibilities determined in the judgment. The German company T will not be able to apply for the recognition and enforcement of the German ruling by the Chinese court to protect its legal rights. Therefore, in order to finally achieve the purpose of refunding the purchase price, we suggest to file a lawsuit in China.

3.代理律師選擇

(3) The choice of lawyer

德國T公司合作的德國律師事務所在中國上海設有代表處，德國T公司認為可以委托德國律師事務所在中國上海代表處的德國律師在我國代理訴訟。我國《民事訴訟法》第二百六十三條規(guī)定“外國人、無國籍人、外國企業(yè)和組織在人民法院起訴、應訴，需要委托律師代理訴訟的，必須委托中華人民共和國的律師?！比绻聡鳷公司在中國提起訴訟需要委托律師代理的，必須委托我國律師從事訴訟代理行為。當然，外國律所在中國的代表處可以提供境外法律幫助以及非訴協(xié)作。

The German law firm cooperated with German company T has a representative office in Shanghai, China. German company T believes that it can entrust German lawyers in the Shanghai representative office of German law firms to represent the litigation in China. Civil Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China stipulates that “When a foreigner, stateless person, foreign enterprise or organization needs to entrust a lawyer to act as his agent in bringing a suit or responding to a lawsuit in a people's court, he must entrust a lawyer of the people's Republic of China.” If the German company T needs to entrust a lawyer to represent a lawsuit in China, it must entrust a Chinese lawyer. Of course, the representative offices of foreign law firms in China can provide overseas legal assistance and non-litigation cooperation.

4.本案證據(jù)的有效形式

（4）The effective form of evidence in this case 

德國T公司作為主體在我國提起訴訟，除需要準備國內(nèi)案件要求的訴訟材料外，還需提供德國T公司注冊信息、存續(xù)證明，代表人的身份信息和授權(quán)委托書，以上材料因涉及身份關(guān)系，根據(jù)《最高人民法院關(guān)于民事訴訟證據(jù)的若干規(guī)定》第十六條第二款 “中華人民共和國領域外形成的涉及身份關(guān)系的證據(jù)，應當經(jīng)所在國公證機關(guān)證明并經(jīng)中華人民共和國駐該國使領館認證，或者履行中華人民共和國與該所在國訂立的有關(guān)條約中規(guī)定的證明手續(xù)?！?之規(guī)定，對于涉及身份關(guān)系的證據(jù)材料需要進行公證、認證手續(xù)。對于在德國形成的公文書證，根據(jù)《最高人民法院關(guān)于民事訴訟證據(jù)的若干規(guī)定》第十六條第一款“當事人提供的公文書證系在中華人民共和國領域外形成的，該證據(jù)應當經(jīng)所在國公證機關(guān)證明，或者履行中華人民共和國與該所在國訂立的有關(guān)條約中規(guī)定的證明手續(xù)?！敝?guī)定，應當經(jīng)德國所在地公證機關(guān)證明。除了公文書證以及涉及身份關(guān)系的境外證據(jù)，我國法律對其有效形式?jīng)]有做特別規(guī)定，適用一般證據(jù)規(guī)則即可。

German company T, as the subject of the authority, brings a lawsuit in China. In addition to preparing the litigation materials required by domestic cases, it also needs to provide the registration information, the existence certificate, the identity information of the representative and the power of attorney of the German T company. Due to the several provisions of the supreme people’s court on evidence in civil procedures Article 16, paragraph 2,it is necessary to provide the registration information, the existence certificate, the identity information of the representative and the power of attorney ,evidence involving identity relationship formed outside the territory of the people's Republic of China shall be certified by a notary organ in the country where it is located and authenticated by the embassy or consulate of the people's Republic of China in that country, or the certification procedures specified in the relevant treaties concluded between the people's Republic of China and the host country. As for the certification of the materials, the notarization procedures are required. For the documentary evidence formed in Germany, according to the first paragraph of Article 16 of the "several provisions of the Supreme People's Court on evidence in civil procedure", the document and documentary evidence provided by the party concerned is formed outside the territory of the people's Republic of China, and the evidence shall be proved by the notary organ of the country where it is located, or the witness specified in the relevant treaties concluded between the people's Republic of China and the host country Continued. It should be certified by the notary office in Germany. In addition to official documents and documentary evidence and overseas evidence involving identity relationship, there is no special provision on its effective form in China's law, and the general evidence rules can be applied.

三、特別提示——類案參考適用

3. Special tips - reference for similar cases

本案國際貨物買賣合同法律關(guān)系的發(fā)生和合同履行都是在2020年4月初，此時，我國海關(guān)尚未實行進出口聲明制度，本案以合同約定的質(zhì)量標準為準。但2020年4月25日，中華人民共和國商務部、海關(guān)總署和國家市場監(jiān)督管理總局聯(lián)合發(fā)布2020年第 12號《關(guān)于進一步加強防疫物資出口質(zhì)量監(jiān)管的公告》，公告規(guī)定自4月26日起出口的非醫(yī)用口罩應當符合中國質(zhì)量標準或國外質(zhì)量標準，非醫(yī)用口罩出口企業(yè)報關(guān)時需提交電子或書面的出口方和進口方共同聲明，聲明確認產(chǎn)品符合中國質(zhì)量標準或國外質(zhì)量標準。即如果非醫(yī)用口罩的出口發(fā)生在4月26日之后，海關(guān)會要求出口方和進口方提交共同聲明，聲明確認符合中國質(zhì)量標準，即便出口貿(mào)易合同約定了諸如CE認證等質(zhì)量標準，因出口時進口方聲明出口產(chǎn)品是符合中國質(zhì)量標準，我們認為進口方以在后的行為變更了雙方在前對于合同質(zhì)量的約定，如果進口方再以產(chǎn)品沒有有效CE認證作為退款條件，我們認為能夠得到我國法院支持的概率不大。慶幸的是本案的出口行為發(fā)生在2020年4月初，此時出口產(chǎn)品報關(guān)時尚不需要提供符合中國質(zhì)量標準的聲明，關(guān)于產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量標準以雙方約定為準。

經(jīng)過我們客觀全面的分析，德國T公司決定與我所合作。